Passenger pigeon extinct
In May 1850, Simon Powagone, a 20-year-old Potavatomi tribal leader, was camping in the headwaters of the Maniste River in Michigan, when a distant footprint surprised him. It seems that "It was later written that" an army of horses with sleigh hours was moving towards me through a deep forest. "" As I listened carefully, I concluded that it was a distant heat rather than traming horses; And yet the morning was clear, calm and beautiful. "The mysterious voice came" near and closer ", until Pokagon reduced its source:" While I was surprised and amazed, I saw an incredible front moving towards millions of pigeons, before I had seen that season . "
These travelers were pigeons, the ectopists migratory, at that time, North America and possibly the most abundant birds in the world. During the 19th century, the witnesses had described scenes of pigeon migration: they took hours to go to one place, darkened the firmament and provided the inaudible general conversation. Pocagone remembers that sometimes a traveling swarm will, in a deep valley, "drop his living mass" into a dive of hundreds of feet below. He wrote, "I am standing in America's largest waterfall," he wrote, "I have never been surprised at all, surprise and praise became so excited when I saw that these birds left courses like meteorites from heaven Have given."
Pokégan recorded his memoirs in 1895 in more than four decades of his Manisti river observation. By then he was in the last years of his life. The passenger pigeons were also in their last years. In 1871, sites of their great communal nest were sandy oak Barnes of Wisconsin-8 million reproduction adults, naturalist A. The distance of 850 square miles was fixed. Later Schorger guessed. After this the population fell down to the middle of the 1890s, the size of the wild herd was counted in dozens instead of millions (or even billions). Then they disappeared altogether, leaving the three captive breeding flocks spread in the Midwest. About 1 September, 1914, the last known passenger pigeon, a woman named Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoo. He was about 29 years old, with a Palsy who threw him. Once in his life, he did not have a fertile egg.
This year the passenger pigeon is number one on the 100th anniversary of extinction. In the intermediate years, researchers have agreed that birds were hunted from existence, who were suffering from this fall that any exploitation can put an animal in such abundant danger. Now between the end of the year, birds and museums will celebrate the centenary in the series of conferences, lectures and demonstrations. The most prominent of them are the passenger pigeon, which is a comprehensive effort by the group of scientists, artists, museum curators and other bird lovers. While his the center of interest or activity is on public education, an unrelated organization called Review and Restore is making some more ambitious and controversial efforts: using genetics to bring back the bird.
The leaders of the project traveler pigeon expects that by sharing the story of the pigeon, they can be affected as well as our important role in environmental protection on adults and children. David Blockstein, the senior scientific ecologist of the National Council for Science and Environment, says, "It is amazing how many people I talk to, who are completely unaware that even the passenger pigeons exist." "Using a century is a way to consider the question, 'How was it possible to become extinct?' And what about 'contemporary issues such as climate change'?
In May 1850, Simon Powagone, a 20-year-old Potawatomi tribal leader, was camping in the headwaters of the Manistee River in Michigan, when a distant footprint surprised him. It seems that "It was later written that" an army of horses with sleigh hours was moving towards me through a deep forest. "" As I listened carefully, I concluded that it was a distant heat rather than training horses; And yet the morning was clear, calm and beautiful. "The mysterious voice came" near and closer ", until Pokagon reduced its source:" While I was surprised and amazed, I saw an incredible front moving towards millions of pigeons, before I had seen that season. "
These travellers were pigeons, the ectopics migratory, at that time, North America and possibly the most abundant birds in the world. During the 19th century, the witnesses had described scenes of pigeon migration: they took hours to go to one place, darkened the firmament and provided the inaudible general conversation. Pocagone remembers that sometimes a travelling swarm will, in a deep valley, "drop his living mass" into a dive of hundreds of feet below. He wrote, "I am standing in America's largest waterfall," he wrote, "so far my surprise, surprise and praise is not so much excited when I have seen thesebilateral ties
These travelers were pigeons, the ectopists migratory, at that time, North America and possibly the most abundant birds in the world. During the 19th century, the witnesses had described scenes of pigeon migration: they took hours to go to one place, darkened the firmament and provided the inaudible general conversation. Pocagone remembers that sometimes a traveling swarm will, in a deep valley, "drop his living mass" into a dive of hundreds of feet below. He wrote, "I am standing in America's largest waterfall," he wrote, "I have never been surprised at all, surprise and praise became so excited when I saw that these birds left courses like meteorites from heaven Have given."
Pokégan recorded his memoirs in 1895 in more than four decades of his Manisti river observation. By then he was in the last years of his life. The passenger pigeons were also in their last years. In 1871, sites of their great communal nest were sandy oak Barnes of Wisconsin-8 million reproduction adults, naturalist A. The distance of 850 square miles was fixed. Later Schorger guessed. After this the population fell down to the middle of the 1890s, the size of the wild herd was counted in dozens instead of millions (or even billions). Then they disappeared altogether, leaving the three captive breeding flocks spread in the Midwest. About 1 September, 1914, the last known passenger pigeon, a woman named Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoo. He was about 29 years old, with a Palsy who threw him. Once in his life, he did not have a fertile egg.
This year the passenger pigeon is number one on the 100th anniversary of extinction. In the intermediate years, researchers have agreed that birds were hunted from existence, who were suffering from this fall that any exploitation can put an animal in such abundant danger. Now between the end of the year, birds and museums will celebrate the centenary in the series of conferences, lectures and demonstrations. The most prominent of them are the passenger pigeon, which is a comprehensive effort by the group of scientists, artists, museum curators and other bird lovers. While his focus is on of or concerning the people as a whole education, an unrelated organization called Review and Restore is making some more ambitious and controversial efforts: using genetics to bring back the bird.
The leaders of the project traveler pigeon expects that by sharing the story of the pigeon, they can be affected as well as our important role in environmental protection on adults and children. David Blockstein, senior scientific ecologist of the National Council for Science and Environment, says, "It is amazing how many people I talk to, who are completely unaware that even the passenger pigeons exist." "Using a century is a way to consider the question, 'How was it possible to become extinct?' And what about 'contemporary issues such as climate change'?
Contemporary environmentalism was too late to stop the passenger pigeon's death. But both events share historical connections. The temple says, "The purpose of extinction was part of the inspiration for the birth of protection of 20th century." Prior to Martha's death at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1900, John F. Lacey of the Republican Congress of Iowa launched the country's first wildlife conservation law, which banned interstate shipping of illegally killed games. Lacey said on the floor of the house, "The wild pigeon, which first disappeared from the face of the earth in the flock of millions of people." "We have given a terrible exhibition of slaughter and destruction, which can act as a warning to all mankind. Let's now give an example of the intelligent conservation of the remains of nature's gifts." That year Congress passed the Lacey Act After that, in 1913, the difficult week-Maclean act and five years later, the Overseas Bird Treaty Act, which not only protects birds but also their eggs, nests and wings.
The story of the passenger pigeon began to resound throughout the whole century. Dixiecel's population, a Sparrow-like neutropical migrant, crashed in the 1960s, and some ornithologist predicted to be extinct by 2000. It took decades to highlight the reasons: During the winter, the entire world population of the grassland was reduced to a dozen large herds, which settled in Venezuela's lanterns. There, rice farmers regarded their own roosts as a insect in the form of insecticides with decapular pesticides. Temples studying the temple say, "They were really capable of minutes to eliminate the two digit percentage of the world's population." "The accountants remind the dove of the dove." During the decade of 1990, conservationists interacted with rice growers - using research, it was shown that Dickelsell was not an economic threat - he also called the passenger pigeon extinction to rally his colleagues in North America and Europe. Done Efforts have been paid: The population of the bird has become stable at constant level.
Today, the dove instructs the cast and the scientists alike. The creator of the Lost Bird Project, Sculptor Todd McGrane has prepared huge bronze memorials of five extinct birds; Their traveler pigeons are sitting in the Grunge Insurance Audubon Center in Columbus, Ohio. The Lost Bird Project has also designed an origami pigeon (such as tied in this magazine) and says that thousands of people have received a symbolic entertainment of historical herds.
The most controversial effort inspired by extinction plans to bring the passenger pigeon back to life. In 2012, the chairman of the Long Nay Foundation, Stewart Brand (a futurist who is known for making the whole world list) and geneticist entrepreneur Ryan Phelan promoted Review and Restore, a project that is intended to revitalize the extinct animals of molecular biology tools Is planning to use. The "flagship" species of the project is the passenger pigeon, which the brand learned about growing from its mother in Illinois. Research researcher Ben Novak says, "Revive and restore the band's tail pigeons, expectations of starting with a close relative, and change their genome in the closest thing to the passenger genes of genetic code." The resulting animal will not come from the original species. "[But] if I give it to a team of scientists who do not know that it has been bioengineer, and I say, 'classify it,' if it looks like a traveler pigeon and behaves , The natural historian would say, "This is the ectopist's migratory disease." And if all the other passenger-ordered passers from the genome history go right next to the pigeon, a geneticist would have to say, There is a passenger pigeon. It's not a pigeon band tail. "
Reviving and restoring plans to capture the birds before the wild return in the 2030s. Novak says that preliminary research shows that North American forests can support recycled populations. He hopes that animals should be brought back from extinction - not only birds, but eventually large creatures like wool, such as large creatures, will attract the zoo in the droves, which will generate revenue which can be used to protect wildlife is. "With D-extinctionthe public may be interested in conservation in such a way that they have been beaten with destruction and sadness in the last 40 years," he says.
The monument goes beyond honoring a species. While stating the story of a dove, humans can work as a jump-off point to discover many ways to influence their influence, and can often put their environment in danger. According to the International Union for Nature Conservation, today 13 percent of the birds have been threatened. Due to human activities, large scale 25 percent of mammals and 41 percent of amphibians. Huge pandas of hydro and road construction imperil China. In the Middle East, abundant North Bald Ibs has been motivated to become almost extinct due to the difficulties of doing protection work in Syria suffering from hunting, housing loss, and war. The humidity for agriculture and the destruction of wetlands helped to make the wild birds of North America back up a few hundred in the teenagers before the harsh protection of the bird's migratory passage and winter plains. In the United States and Canada, small brown bats are dying from a fungus that can be imported from Europe by travelers. Thanks to the effects of water pollution from logging, dams, farm walking and shoreline development, out of nearly 300 species of freshwater Muslims in North America, 70 percent are extinct, incomplete, or weak. The rising sea temperature has blocked the symbiotic relationship between coral and plants like zoxenthhele, causing a fatal event called coral bleaching. One-third of the reef-building coral species of the world have now been threatened.
If public deviations helped eliminate the passenger pigeon, then there may be public skepticism about a modern day parallel climate change. In a Octoberpoll by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, only 44 percent of Americans agreed that the human activity is getting hot due to human activity, because scientists now believe in heavier. Thirty-six percent did not think there was significant evidence of global warming. In another Pew survey conducted last spring, 40 percent of Americans believe that climate change is a major national threat in climate compared to 65 percent of Latin Americans and thin heads in Europe, Africa and Asia Pacific.
By denying both danger and our responsibility, people are familiar with those who study the approach of wildlife towards the 19th Century. Blockstein says, "Definitely if you read some articles of that time," there were very few people who held stock in the idea that humanity could have an impact on passenger pigeons. "(Audubon himself rejected those people who" will soon end the species "as a prey" hunting for such a terrible destruction. ") Today, blocksteen is pointing towards climate change," Blockstein continues. " The same argument is: 'The world is so big and the atmosphere is so big; How can we possibly influence the global climate? ''
Even the political liberals of those who do not wish to address climate change are aggressively echoes of the 19th century. "The industries which paid people to kill these birds, they said," If you restrict killing, people will lose their jobs, "Greenberg-" the same things you hear today. "
Project traveler pigeon can not change the mind of radical climate skeptics. For the rest of us, however, it can work as a call to take responsibility for how our personal and collective work affect wildlife and climate. Perhaps a closer look at the history of human stupidity will prevent us from repeating it.